TAMPA, Fla. \u2014 After 42 years in the Marine Corps, Frank McKenzie retired in 2022 as a four-star general and commander of U.S. Central Command at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, where he oversaw the country\u2019s military withdrawal from the 20-year war in Afghanistan.<\/p>\n
He stayed retired for a couple of months.<\/p>\n
Now he\u2019s executive director of two organizations at the University of South Florida, the Global and National Security Institute and the Florida Center for Cyber Security.<\/p>\n
And he is a newly minted author. His memoir, \u201cThe Melting Point: High Command and War in the 21st Century,\u201d was published by the Naval Institute Press. It\u2019s a richly detailed, highly readable, no-punches-pulled account of his three years as combatant commander at Centcom, which is the nerve center for U.S. military operations in the Middle East.<\/p>\n
He focuses the book on two points: the importance of civilian control of the military and the unique role of a combatant commander.<\/p>\n
McKenzie, 66, talked to the Tampa Bay Times at his office at USF about the book, his military career, his opinion about the withdrawal from Afghanistan, his reasons for settling in Tampa and more.<\/p>\n
Trim and gregarious, he wears a sport coat and medium-length, sandy hair instead of a uniform and Marine haircut. He chats enthusiastically about his favorite restaurants; when he gets a phone call, the ring tone is Journey\u2019s \u201cDon\u2019t Stop Believin\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n
The interview has been edited for length and clarity.<\/p>\n
You\u2019ve had a long and varied career. Why write a book, and why focus on your years at Centcom?<\/strong> <\/p>\n I enjoy writing. Writing is easy for me, so there\u2019s no effort involved for me to write a book.<\/p>\n The decision was based on the fact that in my three years at CentCom I saw a lot of things. I wanted to write from the perspective of a combatant commander at a critical time and place, not as an observer but as a participant.<\/p>\n A combatant commander is unique in that you get to give advice and you get to execute policy. A lot of people give advice and a lot of people execute policy, but only combatant commanders do both. There are only 11 in the whole military, seven geographical, four functional.<\/p>\n I had a long career, but those were three interesting years, of broader interest than just me. Consequential things happened while I was in command there. And of course it also was cathartic for me to write about it.<\/p>\n You begin \u201cThe Melting Point\u201d with a quote from historian Barbara Tuchman\u2019s acclaimed book \u201cThe Guns of August\u201d that uses that term to describe \u201cthe temperament of the individual commander.\u201d What does the term mean to you?<\/strong> <\/p>\n What it means in this book is that the personality of the commander is where orders and policy get executed on the ground. The transmutation point. That\u2019s the melting point for me. It\u2019s where things get under enormous pressure, get very heated, and that\u2019s where the commander lives.<\/p>\n It is a challenging job. The Marine Copy doesn\u2019t produce introspective senior leaders. If you\u2019re studying your life, you\u2019re probably not doing something you should be doing. But there is time to learn, and you do. One of the key ways an officer educates himself or herself is by studying history. There are very few new things; everything has happened before.<\/p>\n One of the most interesting things in the book is your descriptions of strategy, not only military strategy but the strategy involved in dealing with people, especially those on your own side, up to and including those in the Oval Office. Can you talk about that?<\/strong> <\/p>\n The Department of Defense is the largest bureaucracy in the world, so you\u2019ve got to understand how to maneuver, how to set your goals, execute your goals. That\u2019s an art, it\u2019s not a science, and it\u2019s a learned skill \u2014 nobody is born with that skill. I certainly wasn\u2019t.<\/p>\n My job is to provide options to a decision-maker. The civilian is the decision-maker, and that\u2019s how it should be. You want to make sure that you can talk about those options in such a way that decision-makers are informed but not confused, so you spend a lot of time thinking about how you arrange your facts.<\/p>\n Why is civilian control of the military so important to you?<\/strong> <\/p>\n It\u2019s important to the country. We have constitutionally arrived at civilians as the people who are in charge. The oath I\u2019ve taken 10 times, with each of my promotions, is to the Constitution, not a person. The Constitution provides that duly appointed civilian authorities make the decisions. We never want to be in a situation where the military would challenge that. It\u2019s bad for the country. Countries have done that and they\u2019ve not ended well.<\/p>\n As former Centcom commander, you give the reader a detailed history of Iran\u2019s role in the region, stretching back centuries and pivotal today. Is the current war between Israel and Hamas another extension of the wars that Iran has had its tentacles in over the years?<\/strong> <\/p>\n It\u2019s part of it, but the Iran problem is larger than that. Iran has three priorities: Protect the regime, destroy Israel, get the United States out of the region. The No. 1 goal is the most important to them. They will go to great lengths to protect the regime.<\/p>\n Of course they\u2019re delighted with what Hamas is doing because it damages Israel, but they have chosen not to become engaged.<\/p>\n I keep waiting for that shoe to drop.<\/strong> <\/p>\n It\u2019s not going to drop.<\/p>\n Why not?<\/strong> <\/p>\n Objective 1. Once you understand that, you understand what Iran will and won\u2019t do. They won\u2019t take on Israel unless they see a way to certain victory for them. There\u2019s no way to that (in this situation).<\/p>\n The book also offers an in-depth, first-hand account of our withdrawal from Afghanistan after 20 years of war, including your own perspective on the accomplishments and regrets of that process. What do you hope readers take away from that?<\/strong> <\/p>\n What happened in Afghanistan was 20 years in the making. At the end, the men and women who were there were men and women doing the right thing for the country. We should honor their sacrifice. Whatever we think about whether we should get out or shouldn\u2019t get out, we shouldn\u2019t blame those who were on the ground actually doing the work.<\/p>\n The withdrawal remains controversial, and we have heard, and are likely to hear more, about who is to blame for errors made: former President Donald Trump or President Joe Biden. From your very close perspective, what\u2019s the answer to that?<\/strong> <\/p>\n We left Afghanistan because two presidents as unalike as any two presidents in our history shared a goal of leaving Afghanistan regardless of the consequences. In every other area of their administrations there was no policy continuity, except in this one area where there was profound policy continuity.<\/p>\n That\u2019s the proximate reason. There are other reasons, but in the end there was policy continuity across those two administrations.<\/p>\n Did you disagree with that approach?<\/strong> <\/p>\n I would have stayed in Afghanistan with a smaller footprint. I think leaving was a mistake and we\u2019re yet to bear the full burden of that, but it\u2019s coming. It\u2019s coming.<\/p>\n There will be attacks inside the U.S. I\u2019ve said so in public testimony. The risk of that is greater than it would have been otherwise. ISIS K carried out a very successful attack in Russia a couple of months ago. They will come after us as well. We have a very limited ability to see and know what\u2019s going on in Afghanistan and an even more limited ability to strike them if we needed to.<\/p>\n If we had kept a small force, we\u2019d be able to sense what\u2019s going on, to act there instead of here. It\u2019s always better to do it away from your homeland.<\/p>\n What have you been doing since you retired from the Marine Corps?<\/strong> <\/p>\n I\u2019m now at USF, a great institution. I stood up a new think tank, the Global and National Security Institute. We\u2019re just at our two year mark, but we operate in the policy-technology boundary to provide actual useful, actionable information to policy makers at all levels.<\/p>\n The second thing I do is I\u2019m the executive director of the Florida Center for Cyber Security. It was an existing organization. It was actually stood up by the Legislature in 2014. It\u2019s designed to position Florida as a leading edge destination for cyber security across the region and the state, to improve our cyber security posture. We do policy alternatives, outreach, education, training.<\/p>\n What is most different about the new job?<\/strong> <\/p>\n I don\u2019t work at night. They don\u2019t bother me on the weekends much.<\/p>\n Why did you and your wife decide to make your home in Tampa?<\/strong> <\/p>\n We actually made the decision before I knew about this job. For us it\u2019s a triangle: Tampa, Birmingham, Alabama, where I\u2019m from, and Charleston, South Carolina, where Marilyn and I had our first home after we were married.<\/p>\n I\u2019ve lived in Tampa three times since 2010. I just really like the city. It\u2019s very diverse, it has great people, it\u2019s a great foodie city, just a lot of things to commend it. It\u2019s Old Florida a little bit, I think. It\u2019s the same reason I stayed in the Marine Corps for 40 years: It\u2019s the people. I just like them.<\/p>\n What\u2019s the most important work you\u2019re doing right now?<\/strong> <\/p>\n We just held a conference on hunger as a weapon. I saw it as a Centcom commander, around the world, so I\u2019m interested in it.<\/p>\n I want to find a larger space for what we do. We\u2019re not always talking about the Russians and their nuclear weapons.<\/p>\n Eventually something disastrous is going to happen here and we\u2019ll take cyber security seriously.<\/p>\n We don\u2019t now?<\/strong> <\/p>\n No, we don\u2019t.<\/p>\n ____<\/p>\n